Northern Rock Plc free essay sample

Plc Contents Page 1Report2 1. 1Audit Committee and Auditors2 1. 2Experience:4 2Comparison5 2. 1Chief Executive and Chairman5 2. 2Audit Committee5 2. 3Risk Management Committee6 2. 4Remuneration amp; Nominations Committee6 3Chance of another failure6 4Conclusion:8 5References8 Report In this report I am going to feature the shortcomings in the corporate administration code of Northern Rock that lead to its destruction. Review Committee and Auditors As per the UK Corporate administration code the barricade should set formal and clear game plans remembering how to apply the corporate revealing inward control, and hazard the board rules for keeping the correct relationship with the organization's examiners. The barricade should make a review council of at any rate three non official executives on account of littler organizations in any event two NEDs. The administrator can be a part in littler organizations yet can't seat the board of trustees except if the individual in question was viewed as autonomous on arrangement as director. The board should ensure that in any event one the part ought to have later and significant involvement with the review advisory group. We will compose a custom article test on Northern Rock Plc or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The board’s duties are to spread out all the terms recorded as a hard copy and screen the budget summary of the organization, to survey the money related execution and revealing. It ought to likewise survey inner monetary control, chance administration framework if not set up independently to check the adequacy and interior capacity of inward review. The board ought to likewise be survey and screen the outer examiners work their arrangements and re arrangements, their compensations, and all the more significantly the non review administrations ought to be checked intently. On account of Northern stone the board and the review council neglected to actualize the previously mentioned rules. In July 2007 the CEO distributed on the site that operationally Northern rock’s first 50% of 2007 was a decent one. He referenced that home loan loaning specifically was solid. On the off chance that that was the situation, at that point how did Northern Rock wind up being nationalized in a little more than 7 months? Was somebody checking and confirming the announcements of the CEO. The outer auditor’s lack of concern was another issue. In their report of 2006 they gave a doctor's approval. This was later examined by the House of Lords monetary issues board which found that the reviewers had played out their activity thoughtlessly. A powerful review panel could have detected these issues well ahead of time. The purpose behind PWC’s lack of concern may either be a direct result of the nearness of Rosemary Radcliffe on the review panel who was already an accomplice of PWC or possibly they were giving other non review administrations to the organization and would not like to agitate the board. According to the corporate administration code the quantity of review committee’s individuals was by the code yet none of the NEDs had any monetary experience. Nichola Pease had understanding of reserve the board however not in the financial business even that experience was not an ongoing one as required by the code. It appears that at Northern Rock the review and hazard boards were not paid attention to very as Rosemary Radcliffe just went to two out of four review advisory group and one out of three hazard council gatherings. Experience: Northern Rock delegated a Senior Independent Director with over a large portion of the board being non-official chiefs following the joined code 2 and Basel 2 proposals. Anyway none of the executives were experienced enough in the field of banking not in any event, building society. This in reality doesn't bolster having great corporate administration as it doesn't guarantee disappointment or achievement. The above elements brought up issues with regards to why the company’s investors didn't scrutinize the unsafe plan of action or was it in light of extraordinary benefits seen as the prize for facing such challenge. The compensation board can likewise be considered answerable for the disappointment as both the CEO and the organization took on the bet for the high dangers which thus addresses the estimations of the investor and official. As referenced above there were such a large number of elements included . I. e. he absence of experience, the administrator of the board and designations council Dr Ridley had no earlier monetary experience and even the subject that he has examined is far various to the job he was liable for. The other four non official chiefs Fenwick, Gibson, Pease and Queen likewise didn't have ongoing significant experience. Sir Derek W anless with decent instruction foundation yet lamentably with some negative history while working in NatWest where he got paid ? 3M having lead a grievous securing system. In the event that the organization knew about the history, at that point for what reason would he say he was delegated as a director of the Audit and hazard panel? The entirety of the above focuses demonstrate that it was extremely poor corporate administration set up which neither of the panel focused or come up short on their involvement with the instance of CEO's arrangement can't be said that much as he was inside advanced it is here and there great so he thought about the organization without any preparation to the top however for some situation it is smarter to have an encounter individual from an alternate organizations so they can bring new thoughts and development. The review board of trustees needed to survey what they have been there for the observing of the interior money related control, the administrations, compensation, re arrangements of the outer inspectors. In the event that the corporate administration were solid in the organization there would not be any mis portrayal of the monetary revealing neither by the CEO nor by the outer examiners and furthermore they would have known the outcome of the disappointment before it had occurred. Examination In this inquiry I am going to look at the administration game plans noted for the situation concentrate with the present adaptation of the UK corporate Governance code. Northern stone had applied the majority of the administration code yet there were a few shortcomings in a portion of the territories. CEO and Chairman According to the UK administration code the CEO and the director ought to be isolated, their re-arrangement and compensation should be endorsed by the board. In Northern Rock the above codes were applied appropriately. CEO and executive were two distinct people and their arrangement and re arrangement were likewise endorsed by the board. Review Committee As referenced above Northern Rock’s review board neglected to consent to the UK Corporate Governance code on more than one tally which prompted the evaluators not playing out their activity appropriately. Review advisory group should go about as a guard dog in an association. Hazard Management Committee UK corporate administration says that the board should direct a survey of the hazard the board committee’s viability at any rate on a yearly premise. The audit should cover nearly everything including money related, operational and consistence controls and ought to be introduced to the investors. Taking a gander at the timetable of breakdown of Northern Rock it appears that the hazard council was not successful in recognizing dangers looked by the association and henceforth neglected to play out its obligation appropriately which prompted the breakdown of UK’s fifth biggest bank in inside one year. Compensation amp; Nominations Committee According to the UK corporate administration code the organization ought to have a compensation and a designation advisory group which ought to decide the pay rates of the board individuals and should choose appropriate people for arrangement. The designation advisory group ought to be comprised of non official executives who ought to be free individuals from the board. The seat or non official executive should seat the board of trustees however the person in question ought not seat the advisory group while delegating the replacement to the chairmanship. The board ought to likewise assess the aptitudes, experience and information on the competitor when making suggestions. It appears that northern rock’s assignment panel bombed in carrying out their responsibility appropriately as indicated by the UK corporate administration code. On the off chance that they had satisfied the above necessities in understanding to the UK code then the inability of the NEDs would have not been an issue. Possibility of another disappointment Generally, associations with moderately poor administration don’t prevail as uch as those with elevated expectation corporate administration supported by speculators. Northern Rock demonstrated this explanation when stresses over corporate administration brought about lackluster showing. This came around 4 years before it was nationalized when investors were worried in the sort of rewards which were being paid to officials. This builds up another comprehension about the hypothesis that administration dr ives execution as opposed to execution driving administration. Non-administrators improve execution and the harmony among officials and non-administrators is extremely essential. Considering both the inward and outer components influencing the disappointment of northern stone it was primarily caused because of its inside incapacity of overseeing emergency. It was the extremely defective legitimate guideline and the poor corporate administration of Northern Rock that let itself down during the intense home loan emergency in the US. The plan of action of the organization worked for various years however in spite of the hazard included the non-official chiefs minded less of the real dangers to the company’s model. Exercise can be gained from the Northern Rock disaster by different organizations paying little mind to their size or gainfulness. In the event that any business doesn't actualize the corporate administration codes appropriately they are ensured to have issues sometime. Comparable disappointment happened to the fourth biggest American bank Lehman siblings because of poor corporate administration as their frameworks were powerless. The key regions of the disappointment were Corporate hazard

Moods and Emotions free essay sample

What's more, Moods A trademark (routine or moderately impermanent) condition of feeling is mind-set. Temperament is the inclination regularly is less extraordinary than feelings. Each individuals aftereffect of recognition, taking in and thinking contrasts from another Disparity in results serves redirection in mind-sets. Temperaments are coordinated from a feeling which doesn't leave you in your ordinary state Mood is an inclination however conduct which isn't noticeable There are acceptable and terrible mind-sets which thus happens in light of certain occasions. Temperaments impacts can be negative and positive which can drop you at nadir and can shoot you at the apex of euphoric state separately, Grouping the feelings in positive and negative classifications they become mind-set states High positive influences comprises of energized, cheerful, upbeat states and furthermore it causes you in being tranquil High negative influences leaves in apprehensive, focused on, upset once in a while pitiful states Low positive influence sparkles in weariness way Low negative open the entryways for smoothness. We will compose a custom paper test on Temperaments and Emotions or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Mind-sets are shorter-term passionate states, normally enduring hours, in spite of the fact that they can keep going for a considerable length of time or more. For instance you may wake up feeling somewhat down and remain as such for the vast majority of the day. We can be sent into a state of mind by an unforeseen occasion, from the joy of seeing an old companion to the displeasure of finding double-crossing by an accomplice. We may likewise simply fall into a state of mind. Feelings Emotions are the solid unexpected inclination which is brought about by explicit occasions. They are constantly aimed at a person or thing. They aren’t explicit yet happens from multiple points of view in nature Mostly are explicit in nature and are joined by unmistakable outward appearances Emotions some of the time happen for brief terms anyway here and there they live for until the end of time. Kinds of feelings which can be communicated are disappointment, outrage, love, abhor, satisfaction, sadness In hierarchical conduct feelings assumes a significant job as each individual stirred up in various feelings cooperate in pecking order to keep up company’s objective most organized its status. Still It’s a legend or a science that People can’t precisely gauge their own feelings. Feelings as normally experienced and talked about are unique in relation to states of mind and personality in a few different ways. In the first place, feelings will in general keep going for a lot shorter periods. The enjoyment at being given a birthday present may die down in minutes as it is supplanted by dissatisfaction about a futile present. Feelings in this manner will in general supplant each other and it very well may be hard to be both cheerful and miserable (despite the fact that we may have a decent go at it). Feelings additionally will in general be more extraordinary than mind-sets and disposition, with higher highs and lower lows. We can turn out to be extremely irate rapidly, however it is hard to remain exceptionally furious and it might die down into a bad tempered temperament or be supplanted by another totally various feelings. Feelings will in general be quite certain, activated by observable occasions and are prompt responses to these and which drive us to specific activities, for instance fleeing from a growling canine or going to visit up an appealing other individual.

10 Tips for Helping Students With ADHD Get Organized

10 Tips for Helping Students With ADHD Get Organized If your child has ADHD you may be very familiar with his or her tendency to lose assignments somewhere between school and home, to forget to bring books home for study, to turn in school work late or incomplete, to create an overflowing locker (and desk and book bag) stuffed with endless piles of papers, books, half-eaten lunches, and even notes from the teacher that never make it into your hand. And somehow, even after providing boxes of them, there is no pencil to be found when needed. Kids with ADHD sometimes get labeled as irresponsible, careless, or lazy. This criticism is not only inaccurate and unhelpful but hurtful. Chronic disorganization can be debilitating to people with ADHD. Disorganization and forgetfulness are actually both included among the criteria for diagnosing ADHD. Impairments in these areas are often related to executive function deficits that make it harder to plan ahead, remember, prioritize, get started, self-monitor, and complete tasks. Kids with ADHD often need a lot of structure and support to help with organization, but they can develop good organizational habits early on with your assistance. The first and most important step in helping your child with the organization at school is to work closely and collaboratively with your childs teacher. Good communication between home and school is essential. How to Find ADHD Services at Your Childs School Organizational Strategies for School-Aged Kids With ADHD Here are some tips for helping students with ADHD develop good organizational habits: Work with your child to set up a specially designated study area at home that is free of distractions. This workspace should be kept well-organized. Help your child do this by leading him or her through the steps necessary to keep the area neat and clear of unnecessary items. Know that you will need to supervise your child and help him through this process on a regular basis. Make this a part of your daily routine.Provide useful supplies, such as pencils, pens, paper, ruler, paper clips, pencil sharpener, dictionary, calculator, etc. Label drawers in the study area desk or table and help your child place supplies in the designated drawer.Work with your childs teacher to set up a system for getting assignments down in a notebook. This documentation will travel back and forth from school to home with your child. This assignment notebook/folder should include a calendar or planner that can be used to keep track of longer-term projects due dates and test dates. Review this calendar regul arly with your child. Use the calendar to help your child break down longer projects into smaller segments. Keep in mind that you may need to be creative with your child to help him find a system that works for him.Ask the teacher to offer support by gently reminding your child when it is time to write assignments in a notebook. This step ensures that he understands the assignments and checking to see that the assignments are written down correctly in a notebook. At the end of the school day, it is also helpful for the teacher to check to see that appropriate books, papers, and the homework notebook make it into your childs book bag.If your child has difficulty with handwriting, ask the teacher about giving your child a printed handout of daily assignments that can be included in the homework notebook. Even better if the teacher can provide handouts that have already had three holes punched out in advance and the handouts can be placed directly into the homework notebook.At the end of homework time before the next school day, review homework papers and books that need to go back into his book bag for school. Supervise your child as he gets these items zipped inside the book bag and placed in a designated spot near the door to the house. This way the bookbag can easily be found in the morning.Ask the teacher about scheduling regular times for your child to organize and clean out their desk and locker at school. Be sure to schedule regular times for your child to clean out school backpack and notebooks at home, as well. Understand that your child will need supervision and help with these chores. Guiding your child through these steps and practicing these skills, again and again, is necessary in order for good habits to form.Designate areas of the desk or locker for specific items. You can even draw out these areas with tape to indicate where items should goâ€"for example, notebooks, books, folders, writing utensils, etc. This will make it easier to place items b ack in the right spot so they can be found when needed.Purchase a set of color-coded book covers, notebooks, and folders for each subject area. Your child can organize his work by colors. For example, he may choose red for math, yellow for language arts, green for science, etc. Share with the teacher so she (or he) can support your child in using this system, as well. She can even highlight handouts for each subject by using the corresponding color somewhere on the page.Set up a motivating reward system to positively reinforce your child as he shows improvements in developing more and more organizational skills in his daily life. What to Do if Your Childs Teacher Blames Them for Their ADHD

William Of Ockham And David Hume - 931 Words

Question: Discuss the fascinating parallels between William of Ockham and David Hume, highlighting for example, the Regularist View of Causality. Answer: David Hume William of Ockham Hume did not deny causation. He embraced it. But he did say that empirical methods could not logically prove its necessity, as observations only show a constant conjunction of events, a regular succession of A followed by B, which leads the mind to the inference of cause and effect. For Hume, causality is something humans naturally believe. Ockham readily grants that if the world has to be â€Å"held up† by conserving causes, then there must be a first among them because otherwise the set of conserving causes would constitute an uncountable quantity of actually existing things. It is in fact a tenet of belief that God is both an efficient and conserving cause of the cosmos, and Ockham accepts this tenet on faith. We cannot logically know or prove causation and matters of fact, as we can know and prove the relations of ideas such as mathematics and logic. But we have a natural belief in causation and in many matters of fact. There would be an infinite regress among causes if there were not a first cause; therefore, there must be a first cause, namely, God. If the chain of efficient causes that have produced the world as we know it today had no beginning, then it would form, not an extensive infinity, but an intensive infinity, which is harmless. Reason cannot motivate our Beliefs. Reason isShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy Of The Middle Ages1124 Words   |  5 PagesGreek Forms which were then defined as ideas in the mind of God. It seems as though philosophy was able to progress when the concept of God was debated. Much of the debate that followed concerned the ideas of the general and the specific. As William of Ockham said, how can we talk about specific things until we talk about general things? We have examples of words and even objects that represent specific things but that does not mean there is an object that they represent. A word such as justice orRead MoreThe Design Argument For The Existence Of God1286 Words   |  6 Pagesand moon to sustain human life. If either of these things were less ideal, there would be drastically worse outcomes for the giraffes and humans on earth. The harmony we witness in nature compels the belief in an intelligent designer. Philosopher William Paley gives an example supporting this argument using a natural rock and a watch. He argues that in a forest if someone were to stumble upon a rock, they would not likely question why or how the rock came to be there, for all they know it has beenRead MoreFreedom and Determinism Essay2348 Words   |  10 Pagesdistinguished between the inclination toward the just and the inclination toward the advantageous; freedom results from the ability to choose between the two. The modern understanding of â€Å"free will† was most closely explained by the Franciscan William of Ockham. He believed an individual has the liberty to be indifferent, therefore making no choice at all. He also adopted an alternative understanding of predestination according to which some are predestined on account of their foreseen merits. AccordingRead MoreThe Design Argument - as Level Essay examples3128 Words   |  13 Pagesbeing we call God.’ He also championed the Analogy of the arrow directed by the archer showing that in order for something to end somewhere, there must be someone causing the movement, the arrow could not have ended us on the board on its own. William Paley, an 18th Century Philosopher continued to develop the principles of the Design argument, showing many more extended features to Socrates original concept. Paley championed the theory of design qua purpose and that a design requires a designerRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 PagesAlfarabi, Alhazen, Avicenna, Algazel, Avempace, Abubacer and Averroes; the Jewish philosophers Maimonides and Gersonides; and the Christian philosophers Anselm, Augustine of Hippo, Boethius, Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham and Jean Buridan. [edit] Renaissance (c. 1350–c. 1600) Main article: Renaissance philosophy [pic] [pic] Giordano Bruno The Renaissance (rebirth) was a period of transition between the theological philosophy of the Middle Ages and modern thoughtRead Morehistory of philosophy5031 Words   |  21 PagesArabic and Greek, and high medieval philosophy, which came about as a result of the recovery of Aristotle. This period, which lasted a mere century and a half compared to the nine centuries of the early period, came to a close around the time of  William of Ockham  in the middle of the 14th century. Western medieval philosophy was primarily concerned with implementing the Christian faith with philosophical reason, that is, baptizing reason. Early medieval philosophy was influenced by the likes of  StoicismRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 Pagessimply wills things, and they become reality. He wills the physical world into existence, he wills human life into existence and, similarly, he wills all moral values into existence. Proponents of this view, such as medieval philosopher William of Ockham, believe that God wills moral principles, such as â€Å"murder is wrong,† and these exist in God’s mind as commands. God informs humans of these commands by implanting us with moral intuitions or revealing these commands in scripture. 17th

The Truth And Reconciliation Commission - 1667 Words

In Country of My Skull, Antjie Krog writes pieces of prose, poetry, narrative and transcripts raw testimonies of the victims and offenders, during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) hearings. These hearings were put in place by Nelson Mandela, which allowed witnesses, whose human rights were violated, to give statements and possibly testify before the Commission. These hearings were not only aimed at justice but the truth. The hearings allowed amnesty to those who committed the crimes as long as they could prove that they were just following orders from their superiors. Krog wrote Country of My Skull about her journalistic covering, for the SABC (public broadcasting service in South Africa), of the two years that the TRC†¦show more content†¦It was a system of segregation put in place by the National Party, which governed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Under this system there was an extended period of gruesome violence against individuals of colored skin in So uth Africa. Black citizens began to resist this prejudice though and also used violence against the enforcers of Apartheid. Many thousands of individuals applied for the amnesty program and a couple thousand testified through the course of 2 years. â€Å"The reactions of white South Africans to the revelations of the Truth Commission can be divided into two main groups†¦ There are those who refuse point-blank to take any responsibility and are always advancing reasons why the commission should be rejected and regarded as a costly waste of money. And then there are those who feel deeply involved and moved, but also powerless to deal with the enormity of the situation† (Krog 221). A lot of Afrikaners felt a sense of guilt for the behavior they allowed to happen from their race towards another. Krog was one of these Afrikaners. Although blood was not shed on Krog’s hands directly, she took on the shame of her race. People often associate their behavior and actions fr om the groups they belong to. Race, ethnicity and political groups, is an example of this. Often times individuals feel proud to be a member of their group and it becomes an important part of how they view themselves and their identity.

How does the relationship between salt concentration Free Essays

How does the relationship between salt concentration effect osmosis in the aquatic plant Elodea? Quantitative data From observing the cells under a microscope, we see that they are continuously moving and therefore are alive. We have observed that when the cells are in the 10% sodium chloride, the chloroplasts are positioned to the sides of the cell wall and the cytoplasm is more expanded. Cells in the distilled water are slightly smaller than the cells in the sodium chloride solution and the chloroplasts have begun moving to the same. We will write a custom essay sample on How does the relationship between salt concentration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally, cells in the isotonic water are very small and equally spread out through out the cells. Conclusion From observing the Elodea in different concentration of water, we can see that the more concentrated the solution is, the more osmosis occurs. This can be seen from the change from observing the plant in isotonic water, distilled water and a 10% sodium chloride solution. As the concentration of the solution increases, the cytoplasm and chloroplast was pushed to the edges of the cell membrane instead of being spread out like in the isotonic water. This observation is especially visible for he 10% sodium chloride solution; where all of its chloroplast was on the boundary and pressure of the cytoplasm is more. This occurs because of osmosis where water molecules move in the sodium chloride solution as osmosis works from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration across a partially permeable membrane. The sodium chloride molecules moves across the membrane so the net is in equilibrium, due to this the elodea contain more water and therefore becomes larger. At some cells, we can see that they look very weak and ull, these are the cells which are reaching the maximum capacity of water they can obtain. If we were to leave the elodea in higher concentration solution they may burst due too much water flowing and pressure inside the cells. There was only a gradual change between the cell in the isotonic water and distilled water since the salt concentration to the distilled water was not very strong. Also, because the solution is less solute is due to less molecules held up so they move more freely across the membrane. Thus, a smaller net movement of water is evident. However, we can still ee some small changes such as the some of the chloroplasts have been moved the side, as while as the cell has expanded slightly, especially the cytoplasm. When place in isotonic solution, the cell does not experience any changes since there is an equal exchange of water. The reason for this is the solution and cell has the same concentration, therefore water moves in the same direction so osmosis does not occur. There is no pressure inside the cell so the cytoplasm is not pressed against happens better in concentrated solutions where the cytoplasm and chloroplast are ainly affected. Although I only did the experiment once, my results may not be completely accurate; however, because of our knowledge of osmosis, we can infer that the results are to a large extend reliable and can be use to Justify our conclusion. Evaluation Limitation How it affected the results How to improve it The slide where the cell was put on to be observed under the microscope may have contained traces of previous concentration of solutions. Because the solutions were mixed (for instance, some traces of isotonic water on slide when the cell was put in istilled water) it could weaken the concentration of the solution. The weaker solution may create a barrier to how much of the stronger solution could enter the cell. Therefore, the cell could contain more of the weaker solution than the stronger. Due to more of the weaker solution, osmosis may not occur as effectively as it would with a pure solution. After observing the elodea, cleanse it thoroughly so excess water comes off. When wanting to observe the next elodea in a different concentration take a new slide each time so there is the cell is on a completely clean surface. The harsh ight of the microscope created heat, which was aimed towards the cell. The heat would have made the cell drier by drying the water that the cell contained. This would have made the cell flaccid as the cell loses water and has lack of firmness. Therefore the cells’ structure would be altered, giving false results. Decrease the amount of light shined on the cell. Also, only switch off the microscope when not using to observe to ensure that extra light will not shine. The time the leaf is left in the solution is not consistent. – Sometimes the leaf was left for 5 minutes sometimes onger. The time needs to be consistent since the effects of osmosis may be more visible if there is longer time. The cell in a particular concentration may be less â€Å"developed† compared to the cell in another concentration, which was in the solution for a longer period of time. Have a fix time for the elodea cell to be in each of the solutions. (10 minutes would be a good time) The experiment was only done once This may not have given very accurate results as the one trial we did may have been flawed. Therefore it is not very reliable to assume that our results will always give the ame conclusions that concentration effect osmosis. Do the experiment at least fives times to compare the results to make sure they are all similar. This way you can ensure that your results are more accurate and have no anomalies. Different leaves were used for each of the three solutions. and how everything is placed. Because of this, we do not know if the changes we see are due to osmosis or if the leaves are different from each other. It makes comparison between the concentration of solutions harder as we need to be more cautious in what we assume are the effects of osmosis. Use the same leaf whenever changing into a different solution. However make sure to fully cleanse the leaf after putting in each concentration to ensure there is no traces of old concentration. Limitation by use of sketching to collecting information There might be human error when sketching since we cannot locate the same part of the plant and also there is different amount of cells within each part. Humans may also produce error when drawing the shapes, so when comparing, it is difficult to know whether the shapes produce are caused by human error or osmosis. How to cite How does the relationship between salt concentration, Papers

Women’s Suffrage Essay Example

Women’s Suffrage Essay While it is believed that the struggle for women’s suffrage was sparked by the 1792 publication of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman written by Mary Wollstonecraft, American women did not earn their right of suffrage until after World War I. They were not the first women voters in the world, though. They were preceded in this respect by women in New Zealand who achieved their right of suffrage in 1893. The Australian women followed suit in 1902. (Grolier Online). In the United States, the demand for the women’s right to vote was initially articulated in a convention called to discuss women’s rights which was held at the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Seneca Falls, New York, from July 19-20, 1848. The convention was dubbed the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. The seed for such a convention was actually planted during a World Anti-Slavery Convention which was held in London in 1840 when Cady Stanton and her fellow women delegates from the United States were not recognized due to their gender. Stanton, who was then married to an â€Å"antislavery agent,† met Lucretia Mott, a Quaker preacher, in that convention. It was during that London meeting that a preliminary plan of convening a women’s convention to discuss the condition of women was made (The Seneca Falls Convention, n.d.) We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s Suffrage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s Suffrage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s Suffrage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It was not until eight years later, however, that the convention became a reality. Stanton, who was from Seneca Falls, New York, again met Mott who went to Waterloo, New York to visit her sister, Martha C. Wright. Stanton, Mott, Wright, and two other Quaker women, a Mary Ann McClintock and a Jane Hunt, decided to convene women â€Å"to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman.† Stanton was assigned to prepare the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† which would serve as the agenda of the convention. After declaring that â€Å"all men and women had been created equal† and listing down eighteen â€Å"injuries and usurpation on the part of man toward woman,† she prepared eleven resolutions for presentation to and approval of the convention, one of which was the assertion that all women are duty-bound to fight for women’s suffrage (The Seneca Falls Convention, n.d.). However, while eight of the resolutions were immediately approved by the meeting attended by around two hundred and sixty women and forty men, the one concerning women’s suffrage was met with hostility, including an opposition from Lucrecia Mott who was shocked by the resolution which she considered ridiculous. Stanton, however, stood her ground and declared that women’s suffrage was critically important because â€Å"†¦the power to make the laws was the right through which all other rights could be secured.† It required the intervention of Frederick Douglas, editor of the Rochester North Star and a former slave, to have the women’s suffrage resolution approved. Unfortunately, although the Seneca Falls Declaration was signed by one hundred men and women, some signatories withdrew their signatures after being bombarded with severe criticism from several influential personalities (The Seneca Falls Convention, n.d.). The antagonism against women’s suffrage was so harsh that a subsequent meeting held in Rochester a few days later had been swamped with ridicule and sarcastic remarks from many sectors including the press. Women’s suffrage was such an unpopular cause at that time. Frederick Douglas even observed that â€Å"A discussion of the rights of animals would be regarded with far more complacency by many of what are called the wise and the good of our land, than would be a discussion of the rights of woman.† James Gordon Bennett, on the other hand, tried to mock the convention by printing the Declaration of Sentiments in its entirety in the New York Herald. In spite of his obvious, derisive motive, however, his effort was appreciated by Stanton who believed that publicity, even if made with derision, would help the cause of women’s suffrage. She was then convinced that the first step towards progress had been taken. Cady Stanton championed women’s suffrage un til her twilight years but never lived to see its final fruition because it would take seventy-two more years and the combined efforts of countless women leaders for American women to earn their right to vote (The Seneca Falls Convention, n.d.). Meanwhile, although women activism for their right to vote intensified after the Civil War, a split occurred in 1869 over the 15th Amendment which granted voting rights to black men. Some of the â€Å"suffragists† like Julia Ward Howe and Lucy Stone endorsed the amendment because they believed that as soon as black men were allowed to vote, the women would subsequently accomplish their objective. Cady Stanton and Susan Anthony, on the other hand, rejected the amendment because it did not provide for women’s suffrage. Two women’s organizations surfaced as a consequence of their divergent opinions. Lucy Stone organized the Woman Suffrage Association to pursue issue on the state level. Cady Stanton and Susan Anthony, on the other hand, established the National Woman Suffrage Association and continued working for women’s suffrage on the federal level and demanded for more rights for women like the right of married women to own property. Fortunately, the two gr oups reunited in 1890 under the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Another organization, the National Woman’s party, emerged a few years later when Alice Paul was forced to leave NAWSA because of her penchant for â€Å"militant direct-action tactics† such as the holding of hunger strikes. The two organizations continued to press their common demand until victory was finally achieved on August 26, 1920, when American women were granted the right to vote under the 19th Amendment (Grolier Online, n.d.). Only one signatory to the Seneca Falls Declaration, however, had lived to savor their success. She was Charlotte Woodward, a young factory worker when the Seneca Falls Convention was held (The Seneca Falls Convention, n.d.). The 19th Amendment which granted the right to vote to American women was passed on June 4, 1919 but was only ratified on August 18, 1920. Actually, the proposal for a constitutional amendment was introduced in Congress as early as 1878. The sentiment of the majority of Congress, however, was not inclined towards an amendment during those times. Several years later, in 1912, nine states in the western United States had adopted legislations providing for women’s suffrage. Four years later, most of the major organizations who were working for women’s suffrage began a unified campaign for a constitutional amendment. Probably because of the pressure, New York granted woman suffrage the following year, 1917. In 1918, the political balance shifted in favor of an amendment when President Wilson likewise changed his stand and declared his support for an amendment. Because of this development, the House of Representatives passed the amendment on May 21, 1919 to be followed two we eks after by the Senate. The 19th Amendment was finally ratified when the State of Tennessee completed the three-fourths vote of the states required for a constitutional amendment on August 18, 1920. Exactly eight days later, the ratification was duly certified by then Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby (19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, n.d.). The prominent women leaders who contributed to the cause of women’s suffrage and became instrumental in the passage of the 19th Amendment are presented below, starting with Cady Stanton. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady was born November 12, 1815 and married Henry Brewster Stanton, an abolitionist, in 1840, the same year that women delegates to the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention held in London were denied official delegate recognition. Her meeting with Lucrecia Mott during that convention led to the Seneca Falls Convention eight years later. Stanton worked closely with Susan Anthony after 1851, taking the role of writer with Anthony serving as the strategist in their campaign for women’s suffrage. She served as the president of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and later as president of the National American Suffrage Association (NAWSA) after the merger in 1890 between the NWSA and the American Woman Suffrage Association established by Lucy Stone. Aside from her work for women’s suffrage, Stanton is also remembered for her active participation in acquiring â€Å"property rights for married women, equal guardianship of children, and liberalized divor ce laws so that women could leave marriages that were often abusive of the wife, the children, and the economic health of the family.† She died on October 26, 1902 in New York, 18 years before American women were granted their right to vote under the 19th Amendment (Lewis, n.d.). Susan B. Anthony Susan Anthony, who was born on February 15, 1820, grew up as a Quaker in New York. She started her career as a schoolteacher at a Quaker seminary and later became a headmistress. At 29, she started her involvement with the Temperance Movement which was discouraging alcohol consumption among Americans and then with the Abolitionist Movement which was an anti-slavery pressure group. She met Elizabeth Cady Stanton through a mutual friend, Amelia Bloomer. Since then, Susan Anthony, who was never married, became actively involved in the struggle for women’s suffrage. She was also one of those who created the American Equal Rights Association in 1866 and in 1868, became the publisher of Revolution, which had Stanton as editor. She co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Stanton. She tried to establish the fact that American women were already granted suffrage by the constitution by casting a test vote during the presidential election of 1872. Unfortunately, sh e was arrested, found guilty and fined which she refused to pay. Susan Anthony opposed abortion because she believed that the medical procedures being used for abortion were not safe. Moreover, she argued that women were only forced to resort to abortion by the prevailing double standard at the time. According to her, abortion would become unnecessary once women acquire equality status with men.   There were times when she would appear racist in some of her writings. Some observers suspected that it was partly because of George Francis Train, a noted racist whose money helped finance the newspaper Revolution where she was the publisher. In 1979, she became the first woman whose image was depicted on a dollar coin. It did not become popular though, and was replaced in 1999 by the image of Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian woman (Lewis, n.d.). Carrie Chapman Catt Carrie Chapman Catt was born in Ripon, Wisconsin, on January 9, 1859 as Carrie Clinton Lane. She studied law for a short time after completing her training as a teacher. She worked as a high school principal and by 1883 was a Schools Superintendent in Mason City. She was married to Leo Chapman, a newspaper publisher and editor was widowed in 1885, shortly after relocating in California. Left alone to mend for herself, she was forced to work as a newspaper reporter. After becoming one of the lecturers of the woman suffrage movement, she went home to Iowa and worked with the Iowa Woman Suffrage Association. She remarried in 1890, to George W. Catt, a rich engineer she met in while in college and again in San Francisco with a prenuptial agreement which allowed her to devote four months out of every year to her work with the suffrage movement (Lewis, 2007). In 1895, Catt assumed the position of NAWSA’s head of field organizing and by 1900, succeeded Susan Anthony as NAWSA president. She resigned as president, however, in 1904 to take care of her seriously ill husband who died a year later. She was one of the founders of the International Woman Suffrage Association and served as its president from 1904 up to 1923. She was its honorary president from 1923 until she died in 1947. In 1915, while concurrently serving as president of the International Woman Suffrage Association, she was re-elected as president of the NAWSA after the term of Anna Shaw. During her second term as president, she led NAWSA in its campaign for state and federal suffrage laws. She was behind the split involving Alice Paul because she did not agree with Paul’s method of insisting in working only at the federal level and Paul’s inclination to blame Democrats for the â€Å"failure of woman suffrage laws.† The efforts that she directed toward s obtaining suffrage laws at the state levels had been instrumental in the passage and ultimate ratification of the 19th Amendment. Her other notable accomplishments were as one of the organizers of the Women’s Peace Party during the First World War as well as the League of Women Voters when the 19th Amendment was passed. She was also a supporter of the League of Nations during its critical inception stage immediately after World War I and the United Nations when it was being established in the wake of World War II (Lewis, 2007). Alice Paul Alice Paul, who was born on January 11, 1885, also belonged to a family of Quakers. After attending Swarthmore College, she proceeded to the New York School of Social Work while working with the New York College Settlement. She left the country for England in 1906 to study at the University of England, supporting herself with work she found with the settlement house movement. After her return from England, she pursued her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, completing the requirements in 1912 (Lewis, 2007). Alice Paul became the chairperson of the congressional committee of the NAWSA barely a year after joining the organization in 1912. She was only in her mid-twenties then. However, the following year, she and some other members of NAWSA left the organization because of a disagreement in strategy. While Paul favored working only on the federal level, the leadership of NAWSA under Carrie Chapman Catt wanted to work on both the state and the federal levels. After leaving NAWSA, she and her group organized the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage which became the National Woman’s Party in 1917. Since then, her organization had been working for women’s suffrage on the federal level and contributed to the successful campaign which resulted to the passage of the 19th Amendment. One of the reasons for her being severed from the NAWSA was her preference for the more radical methods of protest which included conducting hunger strikes she learned during her stay in England. When she was already in the United States, the militant rallies and protest actions she organized caused her imprisonment three times (Lewis, 2007). References Grolier Online. (n.d.). Women’ Suffrage. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from http://content.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=5193 Lewis, J.J. (2007).Biographies of Notable Women. About.com: Women’s History. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_list.htm 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women’s Right to Vote (1920). Retrieved November 13, 2007 from http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=truedoc=63 The Seneca Falls Convention. (n.d.) Retrieved November 13, 2007 from http://www.npg.si.edu/col/seneca/senfalls1.htm